General
Notes:
1. Before doing anything to a document, type the following command followed by a carriage return: :set showmode
2. VI is CaSe SEnsItiVe!!! So make sure Caps Lock is OFF.
1. Before doing anything to a document, type the following command followed by a carriage return: :set showmode
2. VI is CaSe SEnsItiVe!!! So make sure Caps Lock is OFF.
Starting and Ending VI
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Starting VI
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vi filename
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Edits filename
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vi -r filename
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Edits last save
version of filename after a crash
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vi + n filename
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Edits filename and
places curser at line n
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vi + filename
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Edits filename and
places curser on last line
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vi +/string filename
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Edits filename and
places curser on first occurance of string
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vi filename file2 ...
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Edits filename,
then edits file2 ... After the save, use :n
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Ending VI
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ZZ or :wq or :x
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Saves and exits
VI
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:w
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Saves current
file but doesn't exit
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:w!
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Saves current
file overriding normal checks but doesn't exit
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:w file
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Saves current
as file but doesn't exit
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:w! file
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Saves to file overriding
normal checks but doesn't exit
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:n,mw file
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Saves lines n through m to file
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:n,mw >>file
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Saves lines n through m to
the end of file
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:q
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Quits VI and
may prompt if you need to save
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:q!
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Quits VI and
without saving
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:e!
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Edits file
discarding any unsaved changes (starts over)
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:we!
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Saves and
continues to edit current file
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Status
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:.=
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Shows current
line number
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:=
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Shows number of
lines in file
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Control-G
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Shows filename,
current line number, total lines in file, and % of file location
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l
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Displays tab
(^l) backslash (\) backspace (^H) newline ($) bell (^G) formfeed (^L^) of
current line
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Modes
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Vi has two
modes insertion mode and command mode. The editor begins in command mode,
where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode
begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor
to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing :q!). Most
commands execute as soon as you type them except for "colon"
commands which execute when you press the ruturn key.
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Inserting Text
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i
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Insert before
cursor
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I
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Insert before
line
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a
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Append after
cursor
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A
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Append after
line
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o
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Open a new line
after current line
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O
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Open a new line
before current line
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r
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Replace one
character
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R
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Replace many
characters
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CTRL-vchar
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While
inserting, ignores special meaning of char (e.g., for inserting characters
like ESC and CTRL) until ESC is used
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:r file
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Reads file and
inserts it after current line
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:nr file
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Reads file and
inserts it after line n
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CTRL-i or TAB
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While
inserting, inserts one shift width
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Things to do while in Insert Mode:
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CTRL-h or
Backspace
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While
inserting, deletes previous character
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CTRL-w
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While
inserting, deletes previous word
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CTRL-x
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While
inserting, deletes to start of inserted text
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CTRL-v
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Take the next
character literally. (i.e. To insert a Control-H, type Control-v Control-h)
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Motion
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h
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Move left
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j
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Move down
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k
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Move up
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l
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Move right
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Arrow Keys
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These do work,
but they may be too slow on big files. Also may have unpredictable results
when arrow keys are not mapped correctly in client.
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w
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Move to next
word
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W
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Move to next
blank delimited word
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b
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Move to the
beginning of the word
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B
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Move to the
beginning of blank delimted word
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^
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Moves to the
first non-blank character in the current line
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+ or
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Moves to the
first character in the next line
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-
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Moves to the
first non-blank character in the previous line
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e
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Move to the end
of the word
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E
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Move to the end
of Blank delimited word
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(
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Move a sentence
back
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)
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Move a sentence
forward
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{
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Move a
paragraph back
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}
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Move a
paragraph forward
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[[
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Move a section
back
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]]
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Move a section
forward
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0 or |
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Move to the
begining of the line
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n|
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Moves to the
column n in the current line
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$
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Move to the end
of the line
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1G
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Move to the
first line of the file
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G
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Move to the
last line of the file
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nG
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Move to nth line of the file
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:n
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Move to nth line of the file
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fc
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Move forward to c
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Fc
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Move back to c
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H
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Move to top of
screen
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nH
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Moves to nth line from the top of the screen
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M
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Move to middle
of screen
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L
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Move to botton
of screen
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nL
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Moves to nth line from the bottom of the screen
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Control-d
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Move forward ½
screen
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Control-f
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Move forward
one full screen
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Control-u
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Move backward ½
screen
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Control-b
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Move backward
one full screen
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CTRL-e
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Moves screen up
one line
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CTRL-y
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Moves screen
down one line
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CTRL-u
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Moves screen up
½ page
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CTRL-d
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Moves screen
down ½ page
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CTRL-b
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Moves screen up
one page
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CTRL-f
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Moves screen
down one page
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CTRL-I
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Redraws screen
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z
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z-carriage
return makes the current line the top line on the page
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nz
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Makes the line n the top line on the page
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z.
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Makes the
current line the middle line on the page
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nz.
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Makes the line n the middle line on the page
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z-
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Makes the
current line the bottom line on the page
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nz-
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Makes the line n the bottom line on the page
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%
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Move to
associated ( ), { }, [ ]
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Deleting Text
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Almost all
deletion commands are performed by typing d followed by a motion. For
example, dw deletes a word. A few other deletes are:
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x
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Delete
character to the right of cursor
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nx
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Deletes n
characters starting with current; omitting n deletes current character only
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X
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Delete
character to the left of cursor
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nX
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Deletes
previous n characters; omitting n deletes previous character only
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D
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Delete to the
end of the line
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d$
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Deletes from
the cursor to the end of the line
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dd or :d
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Delete current
line
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ndw
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Deletes the
next n words starting with
current
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ndb
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Deletes the
previous n words starting with
current
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ndd
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Deletes n lines beginning with the current line
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:n,md
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Deletes lines n through m
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dMotion_cmd
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Deletes
everything included in the Motion Command (e.g., dG would delete from current
position to the end of the file, and d4 would delete to the end of the fourth
sentence).
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"np
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Retrieves the
last nth delete (last 9 deletes are kept
in a buffer)
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"1pu.u.
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Scrolls through
the delete buffer until the desired delete is retrieved (repeat u.)
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Yanking Text
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Like deletion,
almost all yank commands are performed by typing y followed by a motion. For
example, y$ yanks to the end of the line. Two other yank commands are:
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yy
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Yank the
current line
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:y
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Yank the
current line
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nyy or nY
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Places n lines in the buffer-copies
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yMotion_cmd
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Copies
everything from the curser to the Motion Command (e.g., yG would copy from current
position to the end of the file, and y4 would copy to the end of the fourth
sentence)
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"(a-z)nyy or "(a-z)ndd
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Copies or cuts
(deletes) n lines into a named
buffer a through z; omitting n works on current line
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Changing text
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The change
command is a deletion command that leaves the editor in insert mode. It is
performed by typing c followed by a motion. For example cw changes a word. A
few other change commands are:
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C
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Change to the
end of the line
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cc or S
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Change the
whole line until ESC is pressed
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xp
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Switches
character at cursor with following character
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stext
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Substitutes
text for the current character until ESC is used
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cwtext
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Changes current
word to text until ESC is used
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Ctext
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Changes rest of
the current line to text until ESC is used
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cMotion_cmd
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Changes to text
from current position to Motion Command until ESC is used
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<< or
>>
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Shifts the line
left or right (respectively) by one shift width (a tab)
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n<< or n>>
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Shifts n lines left or right (respectively) by one
shift width (a tab)
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<Motion_cmd or
>Motion_cmd
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Use with Motion Command to shift multiple lines left or right
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Putting text
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p
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Put after the
position or after the line
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P
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Put before the
poition or before the line
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"(a-z)p or "(a-z)P
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Pastes text
from a named buffer a through z after or before the current line
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Buffers
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Named buffers
may be specified before any deletion, change, yank or put command. The
general prefix has the form "c where c is any lowercase character. for
example, "adw deletes a word into buffer a. It may thereafter be put
back into text with an appropriate "ap.
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Markers
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Named markers
may be set on any line in a file. Any lower case letter may be a marker name.
Markers may also be used as limits for ranges.
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mc
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Set marker c on this line
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`c
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Go to beginning
of marker c line.
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'c
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Go to first
non-blank character of marker c line.
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Search for strings
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/string
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Search forward
for string
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?string
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Search back for string
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n
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Search for next
instance of string
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N
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Search for
previous instance of string
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%
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Searches to
beginning of balancing ( ) [ ] or { }
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fc
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Searches
forward in current line to char
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Fc
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Searches
backward in current line to char
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tc
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Searches
forward in current line to character before char
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Tchar
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Searches
backward in current line to character before char
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?str
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Finds in
reverse for str
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:set ic
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Ignores case
when searching
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:set noic
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Pays attention
to case when searching
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:n,ms/str1/str2/opt
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Searches from n to m for str1;
replaces str1 to str2; using opt-opt can be g
for global change, c to confirm change (y to acknowledge, to suppress), and p
to print changed lines
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&
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Repeats last :s
command
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:g/str/cmd
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Runs cmd on
all lines that contain str
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:g/str1/s/str2/str3/
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Finds the line
containing str1, replaces str2 with str3
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:v/str/cmd
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Executes cmd on
all lines that do not match str
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,
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Repeats, in
reverse direction, last / or ? search command
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Replace
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The search and
replace function is accomplished with the :s command. It is commonly used in
combination with ranges or the :g command (below).
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:s/pattern/string/flags
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Replace pattern with string according
to flags.
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g
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Flag - Replace
all occurences of pattern
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c
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Flag - Confirm
replaces.
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&
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Repeat last :s
command
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Regular Expressions
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. (dot)
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Any single
character except newline
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*
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zero or more
occurances of any character
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[...]
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Any single
character specified in the set
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[^...]
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Any single
character not specified in the set
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\<
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Matches
beginning of word
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\>
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Matches end of
word
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^
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Anchor -
beginning of the line
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$
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Anchor - end of
line
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\<
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Anchor -
begining of word
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\>
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Anchor - end of
word
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\(...\)
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Grouping -
usually used to group conditions
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\n
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Contents of nth grouping
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\
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Escapes the
meaning of the next character (e.g., \$ allows you to search for $)
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\\
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Escapes the \
character
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[...] - Set Examples
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[A-Z]
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The SET from
Capital A to Capital Z
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[a-z]
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The SET from
lowercase a to lowercase z
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[0-9]
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The SET from 0
to 9 (All numerals)
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[./=+]
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The SET
containing . (dot), / (slash), =, and +
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[-A-F]
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The SET from
Capital A to Capital F and the dash (dashes must be specified first)
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[0-9 A-Z]
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The SET
containing all capital letters and digits and a space
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[A-Z][a-zA-Z]
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In the first
position, the SET from Capital A to Capital Z
In the second character position, the SET containing all letters |
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[a-z]{m}
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Look for m occurances of the SET from lowercase a
to lowercase z
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[a-z]{m,n}
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Look for at
least m occurances, but no more
than n occurances of the SET from
lowercase a to lowercase z
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Regular Expression Examples
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/Hello/
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Matches if the
line contains the value Hello
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/^TEST$/
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Matches if the
line contains TEST by itself
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/^[a-zA-Z]/
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Matches if the
line starts with any letter
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/^[a-z].*/
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Matches if the
first character of the line is a-z and there is at least one more of any
character following it
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/2134$/
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Matches if line
ends with 2134
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/\(21|35\)/
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Matches is the
line contains 21 or 35
Note the use of ( ) with the pipe symbol to specify the 'or' condition |
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/[0-9]*/
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Matches if
there are zero or more numbers in the line
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/^[^#]/
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Matches if the
first character is not a # in the line
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Notes:
1. Regular expressions are case sensitive 2. Regular expressions are to be used where pattern is specified |
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Counts
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Nearly every
command may be preceded by a number that specifies how many times it is to be
performed. For example, 5dw will delete 5 words and 3fe will move the cursor
forward to the 3rd occurence of the letter e. Even insertions may be repeated
conveniently with this method, say to insert the same line 100 times.
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Ranges
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Ranges may
precede most "colon" commands and cause them to be executed on a
line or lines. For example :3,7d would delete lines 3-7. Ranges are commonly
combined with the :s command to perform a replacement on several lines, as
with :.,$s/pattern/string/g to make a replacement from the current line to
the end of the file.
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:n,m
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Range - Lines n-m
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:.
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Range - Current
line
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:$
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Range - Last
line
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:'c
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Range - Marker c
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:%
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Range - All
lines in file
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:g/pattern/
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Range - All
lines that contain pattern
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Shell Functions
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:! cmd
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Executes shell
command cmd; you can add these special characters to indicate:% name of
current file# name of last file edited
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!! cmd
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Executes shell
command cmd, places output in file starting at current line
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:!!
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Executes last
shell command
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:r! cmd
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Reads and
inserts output from cmd
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:f file
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Renames current
file to file
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:w !cmd
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Sends currently
edited file to cmd as standard input and execute cmd
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:cd dir
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Changes current
working directory to dir
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:sh
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Starts a
sub-shell (CTRL-d returns to editor)
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:so file
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Reads and
executes commands in file (file is a shell script)
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!Motion_cmd
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Sends text from
current position to Motion Command to shell command cmd
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!}sort
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Sorts from
current position to end of paragraph and replaces text with sorted text
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Files
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:w file
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Write to file
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:r file
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Read file in
after line
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:n
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Go to next file
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:p
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Go to previous
file
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:e file
|
Edit file
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!!program
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Replace line
with output from program
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VI Settings
--noto
|
Note: Options given are default. To change
them, enter type :set option to turn them on or :set nooptioni to
turn them off.To make them execute every time you open VI, create a file in
your HOME directory called .exrc and type the options without the colon (:)
preceding the option
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|||
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Set
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Default
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Description
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:set ai
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noai
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Turns on auto
indentation
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:set all
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--
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Prints all
options to the screen
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:set ap
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aw
|
Prints line
after d c J m :s t u commands
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:set aw
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noaw
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Automatic write
on :n ! e# ^^ :rew ^} :tag
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:set bf
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nobf
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Discards
control characters from input
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:set dir=tmp
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dir = /tmp
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Sets tmp to
directory or buffer file
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:set eb
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noed
|
Precedes error
messages with a bell
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:set ed
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noed
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Precedes error
messages with a bell
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:set ht=
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ht = 8
|
Sets terminal
hardware tabs
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:set ic
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noic
|
Ignores case
when searching
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:set lisp
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nolisp
|
Modifies
brackets for Lisp compatibility.
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:set list
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nolist
|
Shows tabs (^l)
and end of line ($)
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:set magic
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magic
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Allows pattern
matching with special characters
|
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:set mesg
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mesg
|
Allows others
to send messages
|
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:set nooption
|
Turns off option
|
||
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:set nu
|
nonu
|
Shows line
numbers
|
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:set opt
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opt
|
Speeds output;
eliminates automatic RETURN
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:set para=
|
para =
LIlPLPPPQPbpP
|
macro names
that start paragraphs for { and } operators
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:set prompt
|
prompt
|
Prompts for
command input with :
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:set re
|
nore
|
Simulates smart
terminal on dumb terminal
|
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:set remap
|
remap
|
Accept macros
within macros
|
|
|
:set report
|
noreport
|
Indicates
largest size of changes reported on status line
|
|
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:set ro
|
noro
|
Changes file
type to "read only"
|
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:set scroll=n
|
scroll = 11
|
set n lines for
CTRL-d and z
|
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:set sh=shell_path
|
sh = /bin/sh
|
set shell
escape (default is /bin/sh) toshell_path
|
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:set showmode
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nosm
|
Indicates input
or replace mode at bottom
|
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:set slow
|
slow
|
Pospone display
updates during inserts
|
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:set sm
|
nosm
|
Show matching {
or ( as ) or } is typed
|
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|
:set sw=n
|
sw = 8
|
Sets shift
width to n characters
|
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:set tags=x
|
tags =
/usr/lib/tags
|
Path for files
checked for tags (current directory included in default)
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|
:set term
|
$TERM
|
Prints terminal
type
|
|
|
:set terse
|
noterse
|
Shorten
messages with terse
|
|
|
:set timeout
|
Eliminates
one-second time limit for macros
|
||
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:set tl=n
|
tl = 0
|
Sets
significance of tags beyond n characters
(0 means all)
|
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|
:set ts=n
|
ts = 8
|
Sets tab stops
to n for text input
|
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|
:set wa
|
nowa
|
Inhibits normal
checks before write commands
|
|
|
:set warn
|
warn
|
Warns "no
write since last change"
|
|
|
:set window=n
|
window = n
|
Sets number of
lines in a text window to n
|
|
|
:set wm=n
|
wm = 0
|
Sets automatic
wraparound n spaces from right
margin.
|
|
|
:set ws
|
ws
|
Sets automatic
wraparound n spaces from right
margin.
|
|
Key Mapping
|
NOTE: Map allows you to define strings of VI
commands. If you create a file called ".exrc" in your home
directory, any map or set command you place inside this file will be executed
every time you run VI. To imbed control characters like ESC in the macro, you
need to precede them with CTRL-v. If you need to include quotes ("), precede
them with a \ (backslash). Unused keys in vi are: K V g q v * = and the
function keys. Example(The actual VI
commands are in blue): :map v /I CTRL-v ESCdwiYou CTRL-v ESC ESC Description: When v is pressed, search for
"I" (/I ESC), delete word (dw), and insert "You" (iYou
ESC). CTRL-v allows ESC to be inserted
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:map key cmd_seq
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Defines key to
run cmd_seq when pressed
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:map
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Displays all
created macros on status line
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:unmap key
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Removes macro
definition for key
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:ab str string
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When str is
input, replaces it with string
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:ab
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Displays all
abbreviations
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:una str
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Unabbreviates str
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Other
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~
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Toggle upper
and lower case
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J
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Join lines
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nJ
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Joins the next n lines together; omitting n joins the
beginning of the next line to the end of the current line
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.
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Repeat last
text-changing command
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u
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Undo last
change (Note: u in combination with . can allow multiple levels of undo in
some versions)
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U
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Undo all
changes to line
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;
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Repeats last f
F t or T search command
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:N or :E
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You can open up
a new split-screen window in (n)vi and then use ^w to switch between the two.
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